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Official Name	United Mexican States
Common Name	Mexico
ISO Codes	MX, MEX, 484
Internet TLD	.mx
Calling Code	+52
Capital City	Mexico City
Largest City	Mexico City
Coordinates	19.43° N, 99.13° W
Time Zones	UTC−5 to UTC−8 (varies by region)
Population (2025 est.)	~130 million
Area	1,964,375 km²
Population Density	~66 per km²
Languages	Spanish (official), 68 recognized indigenous languages
Currency	Mexican Peso (MXN)
Driving Side	Right
GDP (Nominal)	~USD 1.8 trillion
GDP (PPP)	~USD 3.0 trillion
GDP Per Capita	~USD 14,000 (PPP ~23,000)
GDP Growth	~2–3%
HDI	0.781 (High)
Literacy Rate	~95%
Life Expectancy	~75 years
Unemployment	~3%
Inflation	~4–5%
Leaders	President; Cabinet
Continent & Subregion	North America
National Day	September 16 (Independence Day)
National Sport	Charrería
National Dish	Mole poblano / Chiles en nogada (commonly recognized)
National Anthem	Himno Nacional Mexicano

Mexico is located in southern North America, bordered by the United States to the north, and Belize and Guatemala to the south.
It has coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico/Caribbean Sea.
Major features: Sierra Madre mountain ranges, Yucatán Peninsula, Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, Valley of Mexico, and many volcanoes including Popocatépetl.
Climate ranges from desert in the north to tropical in the south and temperate in highlands.
Best time to visit: November–April (dry season).
National parks: Sumidero Canyon, Copper Canyon, Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve.
Biodiversity: one of the world’s megadiverse countries, home to jaguars, monarch butterflies, whales, and exotic reptiles.
Environmental challenges: deforestation, air pollution, water scarcity, hurricanes, earthquakes.

Population: ~130 million.
Median age: ~30 years.
Urban population: ~80%.
Main ethnic groups: Mestizo (mixed ancestry), Indigenous, European descent, Afro-Mexican communities.
Religions: predominantly Roman Catholic, followed by Protestant and secular populations.
Major cities: Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Tijuana.

Home to ancient civilizations: Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Zapotec, and more.
Conquered by Spain in 1521, becoming the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
War of Independence led by Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos.
Independence achieved on September 16, 1810 (celebrated annually).
Important periods: Mexican–American War, French Intervention, Mexican Revolution (1910–1920).
Modern era includes democratization, economic growth, and cultural globalization.

Federal presidential republic with 32 federal entities (31 states + Mexico City).
Executive: President.
Legislature: Congress (Senate + Chamber of Deputies).
Judiciary: Supreme Court and federal courts.
Main political challenges: corruption, inequality, organized crime.
International alliances: USMCA, UN, OAS, G20, Pacific Alliance.

Major industries: manufacturing, automotive, oil, tourism, agriculture, mining, electronics.
Main exports: cars, machinery, electronics, oil, agricultural goods.
Main imports: machinery, vehicles, electronics, consumer goods.
Strengths: strategic trade location, large labor force, strong manufacturing base.
Weaknesses: inequality, crime, dependence on U.S. market.
GDP sectors: Services (~63%), Industry (~30%), Agriculture (~7%).
Key reforms: energy reform, trade expansion, infrastructure modernization.

Known for rich traditions, family values, and a fusion of indigenous and Spanish heritage.
Major festivals: Día de los Muertos, Independence Day, Holy Week, Guelaguetza.
Traditional dress includes charro suits, embroidered dresses, and indigenous garments.
World-famous contributions in music (mariachi), art (Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera), literature (Octavio Paz), and architecture.
Languages: Spanish and diverse indigenous languages (Nahuatl, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec).

Mexico’s cuisine is UNESCO-recognized and globally celebrated.
National dishes: Mole poblano and Chiles en nogada.
Famous foods: tacos, tamales, pozole, enchiladas, quesadillas, guacamole.
Street foods: elotes, street tacos, tortas, churros.
Beverages: tequila, mezcal, atole, tequila-based cocktails, Mexican hot chocolate.

Top destinations: Cancún, Mexico City, Tulum, Cabo San Lucas, Guadalajara, Oaxaca.
UNESCO sites: Chichén Itzá, Teotihuacán, Palenque, Historic Center of Mexico City.
Natural attractions: Copper Canyon, cenotes, Sierra Madre mountains, Pacific beaches.
Adventure tourism: diving, hiking, caving, ziplining.
Visa: visa-free for many nationalities; others require online authorization or visa.
Transportation: extensive road, air, and bus networks; metro systems in major cities.

Mexico shares land borders with the following countries: